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the then leader

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1 then

ðen
1. adverb
1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) entonces, en ese/aquel momento

2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) entonces, ese/aquel momento

3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) entonces; después

4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) entonces

5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) entonces

6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) además

2. conjunction
(in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) entonces, en ese caso

3. adjective
(at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) entonces

then adv

1. entonces / en aquella época

I was born in 1920, life was harder then yo nací en 1920, entonces la vida era más dura

2. entonces / luego / después

I'll have soup first and then steak primero tomaré sopa y luego un filete

3. pues / entonces

if you don't like it, then don't eat it si no te gusta, pues no te lo comas

then

tr[ðen]

adverb

1 (at that time) entonces

■ I was living in London then vivía en Londres entonces

2 (next) luego, después, entonces

■ I'll have soup first and then fish primero tomaré sopa y después pescado

■ first he went to the baker's and then to the supermarket primero fue a la panadería y luego al supermercado

3 (besides) además

4 (so, therefore) entonces, así que; (in that case) entonces, pues

■ you've come back then? ¿así que has vuelto?

■ if you don't want to go, then don't si no quieres ir, pues no vayas

adjective

1 (de) entonces

■ the then prime minister el entonces primer ministro

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

but then pero claro

by then para entonces

from then on a partir de entonces, desde entonces

now and then de vez en cuando

now then pues bien, ahora bien

since then desde entonces

then again también

there and then en el acto, en el mismo momento

until then / till then hasta entonces

then ['ðɛn] adv

1) : entonces, en ese tiempo

I was sixteen then: tenía entonces dieciséis años

since then: desde entonces

2) next: después, luego

we'll go to Toronto, then to Winnipeg: iremos a Toronto, y luego a Winnipeg

3) besides: además, aparte

then there's the tax: y aparte está el impuesto

4) : entonces, en ese caso

if you like music, then you should attend: si te gusta la música, entonces deberías asistir

then adj

: entonces

the then governor of Georgia: el entonces gobernador de Georgia

then

adj.

• de entonces adj.

adv.

• allí adv.

• después adv.

• entonces adv.

• luego adv.

• pues adv.

conj.

• conque conj.

• luego conj.

• por tanto conj.

• pues conj.

I ðen
adverb

1)

a) ( at that time) entonces

it was then that I remembered — fue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

they repaired the shoes for me then and there — me arreglaron los zapatos en el acto or en el mismo momento

b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)

2) (after prep)

between then and now — desde entonces hasta ahora

by then — para entonces

from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

(up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

3)

a) (next, afterward) después, luego

b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

what then? — ¿entonces qué?

c) (besides, in addition) además

(and) then there's a third argument — además hay un tercer argumento

4)

a) ( as a consequence)

hold on tight and then you won't fall — agárrate fuerte que así no te caes or y entonces no te caerás

b) ( in that case) entonces

you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

5)

then again — (as linker) también

he might get it and then again he might not — puede que lo consiga y (también) puede que no

II

adjective (before n) entonces

the then leader — el entonces líder

[ðen]
1. ADV

1) (=at that time) entonces; (=on that occasion) en aquel momento, en aquella ocasión; (=at that period in time) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón frm

it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...

it was then eight o'clock — eran las ocho

then he used to go out, but now he never does — entonces or en aquella época salía, pero ahora no sale nunca

• before then, she couldn't remember anything that had happened before then — no podía recordar nada de lo que había ocurrido hasta entonces or hasta ese momento

you should have told me before then — me lo tenías que haber dicho antes

• by then — para entonces

• even then, they existed even then, in 1953 — existían incluso entonces, en 1953

even then it didn't work — aún así, no funcionaba

• from then on — desde aquel momento, desde entonces, a partir de entonces

• just then, just then he came in — entró justo entonces

I wasn't doing anything just then — justo en ese momento no estaba haciendo nada

• (every) now and then — de vez en cuando

• since then — desde entonces

• he wanted it done then and there — quería que lo hicieran en el acto or en ese mismo momento

• until then — hasta entonces

2) (=afterwards, next) después, luego

then we went to Jaca — después or luego fuimos a Jaca

what happened then? — ¿qué pasó después or luego?

I chop the onions and then what? — pico las cebollas, ¿y luego qué?
now 1., 6)
3) (=in that case) entonces

what do you want me to do then? — ¿entonces, qué quieres que haga?

"but I don't want a new one" - "what do you want then?" — -pero yo no quiero uno nuevo -¿pues, qué es lo que quieres entonces?

then you don't want it? — ¿así que no lo quieres?

can't you hear me then? — ¿es que no me oyes?, ¿pues or entonces no me oyes?

but then we shall lose money — pero en ese caso perderemos dinero

that's settled then — entonces quedamos en eso

"it doesn't work" - "well then, we'll buy another one" — -no funciona -bueno, pues entonces compraremos otro

4) (=furthermore) además

it would be awkward at work, and then there's the family — en el trabajo habría problemas, y además tengo que pensar en la familia

5) (in summarizing)

this, then, was the situation at the beginning of his reign — esta era, pues, or esta era, por (lo) tanto, la situación al principio de su reinado

6) (=having said that)

• and or but then again — por otra parte

• I like it, but then I'm biased — a mí sí me gusta, pero yo no soy objetivo

but then, you never can tell — pero vamos, nunca se sabe

2.

ADJ entonces, de entonces

the then Labour government — el gobierno laborista de entonces, el entonces gobierno, que era laborista

the then king — el entonces rey
THEN
Time
► When then means "at that time", translate using entonces:
It was then that she heard Gwen cry out Fue entonces cuando oyó gritar a Gwen
I hadn't heard about it till then Hasta entonces no había oído hablar de ello ► Alternatively, use expressions like en aquella época t o refer to a particular period or en ese momento to refer to a particular moment:
... my sister, who was then about 17...... mi hermana, que en aquella época tenía unos 17 años... or que tenía entonces unos 17 años... ► When then is used in the sense of "next", translate using luego or después:
At first he refused but then he changed his mind Primero se negó, pero luego or después cambió de opinión
He went to Julián's house and then to the chemist's Fue a casa de Julián y luego or después a la farmacia
Reason
► When then means "so" or "in that case", translate using entonces (placed at the beginning of the sentence):
"I have a headache" - "So you won't be coming to the theatre, then?" "Me duele la cabeza" - "¿Entonces no vienes al teatro?"
Then you'll already know about the bomb Entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► Alternatively, use pues entonces:
Then you'll already know about the bomb Pues entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► In more formal and written language, use por ( lo) tanto or alternatively, pues, particularly when you are introducing a summary or a conclusion. These often appear between commas:
Their decision, then, was based on a detailed analysis of the situation Su decisión, pues, or Su decisión, por (lo) tanto, estaba basada en un análisis detallado de la situación For further uses and examples, see main entry
* * *

I [ðen]
adverb

1)

a) ( at that time) entonces

it was then that I remembered — fue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

they repaired the shoes for me then and there — me arreglaron los zapatos en el acto or en el mismo momento

b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)

2) (after prep)

between then and now — desde entonces hasta ahora

by then — para entonces

from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

(up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

3)

a) (next, afterward) después, luego

b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

what then? — ¿entonces qué?

c) (besides, in addition) además

(and) then there's a third argument — además hay un tercer argumento

4)

a) ( as a consequence)

hold on tight and then you won't fall — agárrate fuerte que así no te caes or y entonces no te caerás

b) ( in that case) entonces

you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

5)

then again — (as linker) también

he might get it and then again he might not — puede que lo consiga y (también) puede que no

II

adjective (before n) entonces

the then leader — el entonces líder

English-spanish dictionary > then
2 then

then

❢ When then is used to mean at that time, it is translated by alors or à ce moment-là: I was working in Oxford then = je travaillais alors à Oxford or je travaillais à Oxford à ce moment-là. Note that alors always comes immediately after the verb in French.

For particular usages see A 1 in the entry below.

For translations of by then, since then, from then, until then see the entries by, since, from, until.

When then is used to mean next it can be translated by either puis or ensuite: a man, a horse and then a dog = un homme, un cheval puis or et ensuite un chien.

For particular usages see A 2 in the entry below. When then is used to mean in that case it is translated by alors: then why worry? = alors pourquoi s'inquiéter?

For all other uses see the entry below.

A adv

1 ( at that point in time) alors, à ce moment-là ; ( implying more distant past) en ce temps-là ; we were living in Dublin then nous habitions alors à Dublin ; her books were then enjoying a lot of success ses livres se vendaient alors très bien ; X, then leader of the party X, alors chef du parti ; I thought so then and I still think so c'est ce que je pensais alors et je le pense encore ; the company will then receive funding l'entreprise recevra alors une aide financière ; what then? et alors?, que feront-ils/ferons-nous etc alors? ; just then she heard a noise à ce moment-là elle a entendu un bruit ; a large sum of money even then une grosse somme d'argent même à cette époque ; people were idealistic then en ce temps-là les gens étaient idéalistes ; from then on, life became easier à partir de ce moment-là la vie est devenue plus facile ; since then there has been little news depuis on a eu peu de nouvelles ; by then the damage had been done le mal était déjà fait ; he was by then running his own company à ce moment-là il dirigeait déjà sa propre entreprise ; they will let us know by then nous aurons la réponse à ce moment-là ; if things haven't changed by then si d'ici là les choses n'ont pas changé ; we won't be in contact until then nous ne serons pas en contact avant (ce moment-là) ; ⇒ there ;

2 (in sequences: afterwards, next) puis, ensuite ; then came the big news puis or ensuite on nous a annoncé la grande nouvelle ; she was an editor then a teacher elle a été rédactrice puis or ensuite professeur ; wash then slice finely laver puis couper finement ; we will then start the next project ensuite nous commencerons le projet suivant ; then after that… ensuite… ; and then what? ( with bated breath) et ensuite? ;

3 ( in that case) alors ; I saw them if not yesterday then the day before je les ai vus hier ou avant-hier ; if it's a problem for you then say so si ça te pose un problème dis-le ; if they're so nice then why not stay with them? s'ils sont si agréables pourquoi ne pas rester avec eux? ; if x = 3, then 6x = 18 si x = 3 alors 6x = 18 ; when we know what the problem is then we can find a solution quand nous saurons quel est le problème alors nous pourrons trouver une solution ; then why did you tell her? mais alors pourquoi est- ce que tu le lui as dit? ; how about tomorrow then? et demain ça irait? ; well try this then et bien alors essaie ça ; well then we'll have to start again et bien alors il faudra recommencer ; then what DO they want? mais alors qu'est-ce qu'ils veulent? ;

4 (summarizing statement: therefore) donc ; these then are the results of the policy voici donc les résultats de cette politique ; overall then it would seem that en résumé il semble donc que ;

5 (in addition, besides) puis…aussi ; and then there's the fare to consider et puis il faut aussi tenir compte du prix de billet ;

6 (modifying previous statement: on the other hand) d'un autre côté ; she's good but then so is he elle est bonne mais lui aussi ; they said it would rain but then they're often wrong ils ont prévu de la pluie mais ils se trompent souvent ; but then again if you're too quiet, no-one will notice you mais d'un autre côté si tu es trop discret personne ne te remarquera ; he looks anxious but then he always does il a l'air inquiet mais de toute façon il a toujours cet air-là ;

7 (rounding off a topic: so) alors ; it's all arranged then? tout est arrangé alors? ; that's all right then ça va alors ; till Tuesday then à mardi alors ; do you think they'll stay here then? tu crois qu'ils vont rester ici alors? ; someone told him already then quelqu'un le lui a déjà dit alors ;

8 ( focusing on topic) bon ; now then what's all this? bon, qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; all right then who'd like some coffee? bon, qui veut du café alors? ; what's the problem then? alors quel est le problème?

B adj ( épith) the then prime minister le premier ministre de l'époque ; the then mayor of New York, Mr X M. X, qui était alors maire de New York ; they took over the then state-owned sugar factory ils ont racheté la sucrerie qui était alors une propriété de l'État.

Big English-French dictionary > then
3 Williams, Sir Edward Leader

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 28 April 1828 Worcester, England

d. 1 June 1910 Altrincham, Cheshire, England

[br]

English civil engineer, designer and first Chief Engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal.

[br]

After an apprenticeship with the Severn Navigation, of which his father was Chief Engineer, Williams was engaged as Assistant Engineer on the Great Northern Railway, Resident Engineer at Shoreham Harbour and Engineer to the contractors for the Admiralty Pier at Dover. In 1856 he was appointed Engineer to the River Weaver Trust, and among the improvements he made was the introduction of the Anderton barge lift linking the Weaver and the Trent and Mersey Canal. After rejecting the proposal of a flight of locks he considered that barges might be lifted and lowered by hydraulic means. Various designs were submitted and the final choice fell on one by Edwin Clark that had two troughs counterbalancing each other through pistons. Movement of the troughs was initiated by introducing excess water into the upper trough to lift the lower. The work was carried out by Clark.

In 1872 Williams became Engineer to the Bridgewater Navigation, enlarging the locks at Runcorn and introducing steam propulsion on the canal. He later examined the possibility of upgrading the Mersey \& Irwell Navigation to a Ship Canal. In 1882 his proposals to the Provisional Committee of the proposed Manchester Ship Canal were accepted. His scheme was to use the Mersey Channel as far as Eastham and then construct a lock canal from there to Manchester. He was appointed Chief Engineer of the undertaking.

The canal's construction was a major engineering work during which Williams overcame many difficulties. He used the principle of the troughs on the Anderton lift as a guide for the construction of the Barton swing aqueduct, which replaced Brindley's original masonry aqueduct on the Bridgewater Canal. The first sod was cut at Eastham on 11 November 1887 and the lower portion of the canal was used for traffic in September 1891. The canal was opened to sea-borne traffic on 1 January 1894 and was formally opened by Queen Victoria on 21 May 1894. In acknowledgement of his work, a knighthood was conferred on him. He continued as Consulting Engineer until ill health forced his retirement.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1905–7.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Edward Leader
4 líder

m.

1 leader, guide, honcho.

2 front man.

* * *

líder

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 leader

* * *
1. noun mf.
leader
2. adj.
leading

* * *

1.

ADJ INV top, leading, foremost

marca líder — leading brand, brand leader

2.

SMF (Pol) leader; (Dep) leader, league leader, top club

líder del mercado — market leader

* * *
I
masculino y femenino

1)

a) (Dep, Pol) leader

b) (Com) leader

- líder de la oposición

- líder sindical

2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
II
lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

* * *

= leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.

Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.

Ex. The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.

Ex. The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.

Ex. This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.

Ex. The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.

Ex. As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.

Ex. The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.

Ex. The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.

Ex. Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.

Ex. Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.

Ex. Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.

Ex. Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.

Ex. The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.

Ex. Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.

----

* líder actual, el = defending champion.

* líder civil = civilian leader.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* líder del mercado = market leader.

* líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.

* líder de opinión = opinion leader.

* líder espiritual = spiritual leader.

* líder militar = military leader, military leader.

* líder mundial = world leader.

* líder político = political leader.

* líder religioso = religious leader.

* líder sindicalista = union leader.

* líder social = community leader.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.

* sin líder = leaderless.

* * *
I
masculino y femenino

1)

a) (Dep, Pol) leader

b) (Com) leader

- líder de la oposición

- líder sindical

2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
II
lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

* * *

= leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.

Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.

Ex: The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.

Ex: The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.

Ex: This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.

Ex: The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.

Ex: As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.

Ex: The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.

Ex: The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.

Ex: Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.

Ex: Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.

Ex: Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.

Ex: Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.

Ex: The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.

Ex: Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.

* líder actual, el = defending champion.

* líder civil = civilian leader.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* líder del mercado = market leader.

* líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.

* líder de opinión = opinion leader.

* líder espiritual = spiritual leader.

* líder militar = military leader, military leader.

* líder mundial = world leader.

* líder político = political leader.

* líder religioso = religious leader.

* líder sindicalista = union leader.

* líder social = community leader.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.

* sin líder = leaderless.

* * *

líder¹

masculine and feminine

A

1 (de un partido, país) leader

2 (en una carrera) leader

el Valencia es líder con 48 puntos Valencia leads the division with 48 points, Valencia is the leader with 48 points

3 ( Com) leader

Compuestos:

● líder de la oposición

leader of the opposition

● líder sindical

labor* leader ( AmE), trade union leader ( BrE)

B ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)

líder² lideresa

masculine, feminine

( Méx) ( Dep, Pol) leader

* * *

líder 1 sustantivo masculino y femenino
a) (Com, Dep, Pol) leader

b) ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)

líder 2
◊ lideresa sustantivo masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

líder
I mf leader: es el líder de la oposición, he's the opposition leader
II adjetivo leading, top: el equipo líder es el Estudiantes, Estudiantes is the top team

' líder' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acéfala
- acéfalo
- cabeza
- comecocos
- imán
- interpelar
- jefa
- jefe
- nata
- nato
- caudillo
- destronar
- indiscutible
English:
born
- ethical
- lead
- leader
- natural
- pacemaker
- stand down
- chief
- leading
- pace
- then

* * *

líder

♦ adj

leading;

el equipo líder the leading team;

la empresa es líder en el sector it is the leading company in the industry

♦ nmf

1. [de partido político, país] leader;

un líder sindical a union boss o leader

Comp
Pol el líder de la oposición the leader of the opposition
2. [de clasificación, mercado] leader;

el Deportivo es el líder de la liga Deportivo are top of the league o are the current league leaders

* * *

líder

I m/f leader

II adj leading

* * *

líder adj

: leading, foremost

líder nmf

: leader

* * *

líder n leader

Spanish-English dictionary > líder
5 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
6 tras

prep.

1 behind.

2 after.

uno tras otro one after the other

andar tras algo to be after something

* * *

tras

► preposición

1 (después de) after

■ tras la salida del avión after the departure of the plane

2 (detrás) behind

■ tras el muro behind the wall

3 (en pos de) after, in pursuit of

■ iba siempre tras el éxito he was always in pursuit of success

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

día tras día day after day

* * *

prep.

1) after

2) behind

* * *
I
1. PREP

1) (=después de) after

tras unos días de vacaciones volvió a su trabajo — after a few days' holiday she went back to work

tras perder las elecciones se retiró de la política — after losing the election he retired from politics

día tras día — day after day

uno tras otro — one after another o the other

2) (=por detrás de) behind

estaba oculto tras las cortinas — he was hidden behind the curtains

¿qué escondes tras esa mirada inocente? — what are you hiding behind that innocent face?

andar o estar tras algo — to be after sth

anda tras un puesto en la administración pública — he's after a job in the civil service

correr o ir tras algn — to chase (after) sb

3)

tras (de): tras (de) abollarme el coche va y se enfada — he dents my car and on top of that o then he gets angry

2.

SM † * (=trasero) behind, rump
II
EXCL

¡tras, tras! — tap, tap!; [llamando] knock, knock!

* * *

preposición

1)

a) (frml) ( después de) after

tras + inf — after -ing

tras interrogarlo lo pusieron en libertad — after questioning him they released him

b) ( indicando repetición) after

día tras día — day after day

2) ( detrás de) behind

la puerta se cerró tras él — the door closed behind him

la policía anda/salió tras él — the police are/went after him

* * *

= after, following, on the trail of, in the wake of, on the track of, in pursuit of, on the coattails of.

Ex. The notation is made easier to remember by inserting a decimal point after the first three numbers.

Ex. Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.

Ex. Directories of publishers arranged to indicate the specialist fields in which the publish can be a boon to the imaginative librarian on the trail of some obscure source.

Ex. Of course uniformity tends to follow in the wake of centralization.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Cataloguing and classification at Bath University Library: on the track of white elephants and golden retrievers'.

Ex. The rejoinder was, I am sure, made in pursuit of a little humour.

Ex. Putin, the Russian leader who came to power in 1999 on the coattails of a brutal war with Chechnya, was among the first visitors to this new mosque.

----

* año tras año = year after year, year by year, year in and year out.

* dejar tras sí = leave + behind.

* día tras día = day in and day out, day by day.

* mes tras mes = month by month.

* noche tras noche = night after night.

* Nombre + tras + Nombre = in + Nombre + after + Nombre, Nombre + after + Nombre.

* plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.

* planificación de recuperación tras siniestros = disaster recovery planning.

* semana tras semana = week in and week out.

* tras de sí = in its wake.

* tras la catástrofe = post-disaster.

* tras la pista de = on the trail of, on the track of.

* tras las guerra = in the postwar period.

* tras sí = in its wake.

* una noche tras otra = night after night.

* un año tras otro = year after year.

* un día tras otro = day after day.

* uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.

* * *

preposición

1)

a) (frml) ( después de) after

tras + inf — after -ing

tras interrogarlo lo pusieron en libertad — after questioning him they released him

b) ( indicando repetición) after

día tras día — day after day

2) ( detrás de) behind

la puerta se cerró tras él — the door closed behind him

la policía anda/salió tras él — the police are/went after him

* * *

= after, following, on the trail of, in the wake of, on the track of, in pursuit of, on the coattails of.

Ex: The notation is made easier to remember by inserting a decimal point after the first three numbers.

Ex: Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.

Ex: Directories of publishers arranged to indicate the specialist fields in which the publish can be a boon to the imaginative librarian on the trail of some obscure source.

Ex: Of course uniformity tends to follow in the wake of centralization.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Cataloguing and classification at Bath University Library: on the track of white elephants and golden retrievers'.

Ex: The rejoinder was, I am sure, made in pursuit of a little humour.

Ex: Putin, the Russian leader who came to power in 1999 on the coattails of a brutal war with Chechnya, was among the first visitors to this new mosque.

* año tras año = year after year, year by year, year in and year out.

* dejar tras sí = leave + behind.

* día tras día = day in and day out, day by day.

* mes tras mes = month by month.

* noche tras noche = night after night.

* Nombre + tras + Nombre = in + Nombre + after + Nombre, Nombre + after + Nombre.

* plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.

* planificación de recuperación tras siniestros = disaster recovery planning.

* semana tras semana = week in and week out.

* tras de sí = in its wake.

* tras la catástrofe = post-disaster.

* tras la pista de = on the trail of, on the track of.

* tras las guerra = in the postwar period.

* tras sí = in its wake.

* una noche tras otra = night after night.

* un año tras otro = year after year.

* un día tras otro = day after day.

* uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.

* * *

tras

prep

A

1 ( frml) (después de) after

tras esta aplastante derrota in the wake of o following o after this crushing defeat

tras los incidentes de ayer after yesterday's incidents

tras + INF after -ING

tras interrogarlo lo pusieron en libertad after questioning him they released him

2 (indicando repetición) after

día tras día day after day

me dijo una mentira tras otra she told me one lie after another

3

tras (de) que/tras (de) (además de, encima de): tras (de) que llega tarde or tras (de) llegar tarde se pone a charlar not only does he arrive late, but he then starts talking, he arrives late and then he starts talking

B (detrás de) behind

la puerta se cerró tras él the door closed behind him

la policía anda tras él the police are looking for him o are after him

todos van or están tras la recompensa they are all after the reward

* * *

tras preposición
1
a) (frml) ( después de) after;

◊ tras interrogarlo lo pusieron en libertad after questioning him they released him

b) ( indicando repetición) after;

◊ día tras día day after day

2
a) ( detrás de) behind;

◊ la puerta se cerró tras él the door closed behind him;

la policía anda tras él the police are after him
b) ( más allá de) beyond

tras preposición
1 (detrás de) behind: cuélgalo tras la puerta, hang it behind the door
2 (después de) after
tras largos años de espera, after years of waiting
3 (en busca de) after: iba tras sus pasos, he was after him
' tras' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aclarado
- concatenación
- consulta
- estar
- eufórica
- eufórico
- paréntesis
- peregrinación
- peregrinaje
- reanudar
- reemprender
- renacer
- restaurar
- seguida
- seguido
- singladura
- sobrevenir
- verdad
- andar
- bravo
- nosotros
- precintar
- relajar
- vacilación
- vosotros
English:
after
- balance
- careful
- chain-smoke
- claim
- clinch
- collapse
- consideration
- day
- depreciate
- die off
- fall behind
- go after
- lighten
- miserable
- night
- other
- pay out
- raincheck
- release
- week
- year
- aftermath
- cast
- chain
- chase
- hit
- hurry
- one
- onto
- our
- ours
- run
- sprint
- succession
- thought
- us
- we
- you
- your
- yours

* * *

tras prep

1. [detrás de] behind;

escondido tras unos matorrales hidden behind some bushes

2. [después de] after;

uno tras otro one after the other;

día tras día day after day;

tras unos momentos de silencio habló el juez after a few moments' silence, the judge spoke;

tras decir esto, se marchó after saying that, she left

3. [en pos de]
andar tras algo to be after sth;

se fue tras la gloria he went in search of fame;

fue tras ella he went after her

4. Fam [encima de]
tras quedarse con todo, se enfada she keeps the whole lot for herself and she still gets angry

* * *

tras

prp en el espacio behind; en el tiempo after;

ir o

andar tras alguien/algo be after s.o./sth

* * *

tras prep

1) : after

día tras día: day after day

uno tras otro: one after another

2) : behind

tras la puerta: behind the door

* * *

tras prep

1. (de tiempo) after

tras una larga espera after a long wait

2. (de lugar) behind

se escondió tras la puerta she hid behind the door

andar tras alguien to be after someone

Spanish-English dictionary > tras
7 a corto plazo

= before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run

Ex. The moment we compromise among ourselves to adopt rules that are incompatible with ideology then I think we are merely providing the necessity before very long to have these changes brought about.

Ex. Whether this is a short term phenomenon or not, remains to be seen.

Ex. In the short run, the most likely prospect is for all current systems to continue with electronic formats merely adding to the richness of the human record.

Ex. The astute leader will establish short- and long- range goals for the institution, develop specific objectives to accomplish those goals, and activities to meet the objectives.

Ex. Each of the experts is available for telephone consultation at short notice.

Ex. Controlled vocabulary is the best option in the short term.

Ex. Findings indicate that the short-run success of methadone programs does not automatically translate into long-run abstinence.

* * *

= before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run

Ex: The moment we compromise among ourselves to adopt rules that are incompatible with ideology then I think we are merely providing the necessity before very long to have these changes brought about.

Ex: Whether this is a short term phenomenon or not, remains to be seen.

Ex: In the short run, the most likely prospect is for all current systems to continue with electronic formats merely adding to the richness of the human record.

Ex: The astute leader will establish short- and long- range goals for the institution, develop specific objectives to accomplish those goals, and activities to meet the objectives.

Ex: Each of the experts is available for telephone consultation at short notice.

Ex: Controlled vocabulary is the best option in the short term.

Ex: Findings indicate that the short-run success of methadone programs does not automatically translate into long-run abstinence.

Spanish-English dictionary > a corto plazo
8 líder

líder 1 sustantivo masculino y femenino
a) (Com, Dep, Pol) leader

b) ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)

líder 2

◊ lideresa sustantivo masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

líder
I mf leader: es el líder de la oposición, he's the opposition leader
II adjetivo leading, top: el equipo líder es el Estudiantes, Estudiantes is the top team ' líder' also found in these entries: Spanish: acéfala - acéfalo - cabeza - comecocos - imán - interpelar - jefa - jefe - nata - nato - caudillo - destronar - indiscutible English: born - ethical - lead - leader - natural - pacemaker - stand down - chief - leading - pace - then

English-spanish dictionary > líder
9 di

1. prep of

con il comparativo than

di ferro (made of) ironic

io sono di Roma I'm from Rome

l'auto di mio padre my father's car

una tazza di caffè a cup of coffee

di giorno by day

parlare di politica talk about politics

d'estate in the summer

di questo passo at this rate

di chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?

più bello di prettier than

2. art some

interrogativo any, some

any

del vino some wine

* * *

di prep.

1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)

2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door

3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us

4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new

5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John

6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name

7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film

8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi

9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world

10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off

11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air

12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres

13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder

14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions

15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount

16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)

17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience

18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di

19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor

20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me

21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.

di s.f. o m. letter D.

* * *
[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle
1. prep

1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) by

la macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car

la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter

una commedia di Goldoni — a play by Goldoni

l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco

2) (specificazione, denominazione) of

il sindaco di Milano — the mayor of Milan

il mese di marzo — the month of March

la vita di campagna — country life

tavolo di cucina — kitchen table

sala di lettura — reading-room

il direttore dell'azienda — the manager of the company

il professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English

il nome di Maria — the name Mary

3)

(materiale) fatto di legno — made of wood

una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)

un'orologio d' oro — a gold watch

un sacchetto di plastica — a plastic bag

4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, on

uscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house

i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan

i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us

sono di Roma — I am o come from Rome

5)

(tempo) di domenica — on Sundays

d' estate — in (the) summer

di giorno — by day, during the day

di mattina — in the morning

di notte — by night; at night; in the night

di sera — in the evening

6)

(misura) un bimbo di 2 anni — a 2-year-old child, a child of two

un viaggio di 100 chilometri — a 100-kilometre journey

un chilo di farina — a kilo of flour

un viaggio di 2 giorni — a 2-day journey

un milione di lire — a million lire

una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3

un gioiello di valore — a valuable piece of jewellery

un bicchiere di vino — a glass of wine

7)

(mezzo, modo, causa) vestirsi di bianco — to dress in white

fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly

rispondere di brutto — to answer brusquely

è debole di cuore — he has a weak heart

urlare di dolore — to scream with pain

ridere di gusto — to laugh heartily

morire di cancro — to die of cancer

spalmare di burro — to spread with butter

sporcare qc di sugo — to get sauce on sth

8) (argomento) about, of

discutere del tempo — to talk about the weather

trattato di medicina — medical treatise

parlare di qc — to talk about sth

libro di storia — history book

9)

(abbondanza, privazione) pieno di — full of

povero di carbone — poor in coal

privo di — lacking in

ricco di risorse naturali — rich in natural resources

10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) of

il migliore della classe — the best in the class

è meglio di me — he's better than me

è il migliore di tutti — he is the best of all

il migliore dei suoi libri — his best book, the best of his books

il migliore della città — the best in the city

11)

(seguito da infinito) sa di aver sbagliato — he knows (that) he did the wrong thing

credo di capire — I think (that) I understand

ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth

è degno di esser ricordato — it's worth remembering

tentò di scappare — he tried to escape

2. art partitivo

(affermativo) some, (negativo) any, (interrogativo) any, some

vuoi dei biscotti? — would you like some biscuits?, do you want any biscuits?

non ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books

non vedo niente di meglio — I can't see anything better

c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know

ho dei soldi — I've got some money

non c'è nulla di strano — there's nothing odd about it

c'è del vero in quello che dici — there's some truth in what you say

vuoi del vino? — would you like some wine?, do you want any wine?

* * *
I [di]
preposizione (artcl. del, dello, della, dell'; pl. dei, de' ant., degli, delle)

1) (appartenenza, possesso)

l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car

l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother

di chi è questa penna? — whose pen is this?

le orecchie del gatto — the cat's ears

la politica dell'Italia — Italy's policy

un allievo del professor Bianchi — one of Mr Bianchi's students

2) (specificazione)

tre litri di vino — three litres of wine

una tazza di caffè — a cup of coffee

minestra di cipolle — onion soup

il mese di maggio — the month of May

la città di York — the city of York

un biglietto del treno — a train ticket

un libro di geografia — a geography book

un giocatore di tennis — a tennis player

mercato dei fiori — flower market

il re del Brunei — the king of Brunei

il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan

pieno di vino — full of wine

ricco di materie prime — rich in raw material

l'8 del mese — the 8th of the month

la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January

il treno delle sei — the six o'clock train

3) (autore) by

un romanzo di Poe — a novel by Poe

una canzone dei REM — a song by REM

le opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante

4) (causa) with, for

morire di cancro — to die of o from cancer

urlare di paura — to scream with fear

tremare di freddo — to tremble with cold

5) (materia) of, in

di che cosa è fatto? — what is it made (out) of?

è d'oro — it's made (out) of gold

un vestito di cotone — a cotton dress

6) (misura)

un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length

uno spettacolo di due ore — a two-hour show

un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest

un bambino di sei anni — a six-year-old boy

7) (origine) from

è di Taiwan — he's from Taiwan

8) (argomento) about

parlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.

ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb

9) (limitazione)

debole d'udito — hard of hearing

alto di statura — tall of o in stature

10) (in espressioni di modo o mezzo)

di nascosto — out of sight, secretly

di recente — recently

essere di fretta — to be in a hurry

vivere d'aria — to live on fresh air

sporcare di caffè — to stain with coffee

11) (in espressioni di tempo)

di notte — at night, by night

di lunedì — on Mondays

d'e state — in summer

12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)

è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room

si esce di qui? — is this the way out?

13) (con valore predicativo)

quell'imbecille di tuo fratello — that stupid brother of yours

qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new

14) (con un infinito) to

essere contento di fare — to be happy to do

è ora di andare — it's time to go

penso di poter venire — I think I can come

15) (nel comparativo) than

è più alto di me — he's taller than I o me

spende più di quanto guadagni — he spends more than he earns

16) (nel superlativo)

il più giovane dei tre fratelli — the youngest of the three brothers

il più grande ristorante della città — the biggest restaurant in town

17) (con valore indefinito)

ci sono delle domande? — are there any questions?

mangiare delle uova — to eat eggs

18) (con valore partitivo)

molti di loro — many of them
II [di]
sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D

* * *

di²

/di/

m. e f.inv.

(lettera) d, D.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > di
10 dì

1. prep of

con il comparativo than

di ferro (made of) ironic

io sono di Roma I'm from Rome

l'auto di mio padre my father's car

una tazza di caffè a cup of coffee

di giorno by day

parlare di politica talk about politics

d'estate in the summer

di questo passo at this rate

di chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?

più bello di prettier than

2. art some

interrogativo any, some

any

del vino some wine

* * *

di prep.

1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)

2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door

3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us

4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new

5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John

6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name

7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film

8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi

9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world

10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off

11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air

12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres

13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder

14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions

15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount

16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)

17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience

18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di

19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor

20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me

21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.

di s.f. o m. letter D.

* * *
[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle
1. prep

1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) by

la macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car

la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter

una commedia di Goldoni — a play by Goldoni

l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco

2) (specificazione, denominazione) of

il sindaco di Milano — the mayor of Milan

il mese di marzo — the month of March

la vita di campagna — country life

tavolo di cucina — kitchen table

sala di lettura — reading-room

il direttore dell'azienda — the manager of the company

il professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English

il nome di Maria — the name Mary

3)

(materiale) fatto di legno — made of wood

una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)

un'orologio d' oro — a gold watch

un sacchetto di plastica — a plastic bag

4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, on

uscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house

i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan

i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us

sono di Roma — I am o come from Rome

5)

(tempo) di domenica — on Sundays

d' estate — in (the) summer

di giorno — by day, during the day

di mattina — in the morning

di notte — by night; at night; in the night

di sera — in the evening

6)

(misura) un bimbo di 2 anni — a 2-year-old child, a child of two

un viaggio di 100 chilometri — a 100-kilometre journey

un chilo di farina — a kilo of flour

un viaggio di 2 giorni — a 2-day journey

un milione di lire — a million lire

una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3

un gioiello di valore — a valuable piece of jewellery

un bicchiere di vino — a glass of wine

7)

(mezzo, modo, causa) vestirsi di bianco — to dress in white

fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly

rispondere di brutto — to answer brusquely

è debole di cuore — he has a weak heart

urlare di dolore — to scream with pain

ridere di gusto — to laugh heartily

morire di cancro — to die of cancer

spalmare di burro — to spread with butter

sporcare qc di sugo — to get sauce on sth

8) (argomento) about, of

discutere del tempo — to talk about the weather

trattato di medicina — medical treatise

parlare di qc — to talk about sth

libro di storia — history book

9)

(abbondanza, privazione) pieno di — full of

povero di carbone — poor in coal

privo di — lacking in

ricco di risorse naturali — rich in natural resources

10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) of

il migliore della classe — the best in the class

è meglio di me — he's better than me

è il migliore di tutti — he is the best of all

il migliore dei suoi libri — his best book, the best of his books

il migliore della città — the best in the city

11)

(seguito da infinito) sa di aver sbagliato — he knows (that) he did the wrong thing

credo di capire — I think (that) I understand

ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth

è degno di esser ricordato — it's worth remembering

tentò di scappare — he tried to escape

2. art partitivo

(affermativo) some, (negativo) any, (interrogativo) any, some

vuoi dei biscotti? — would you like some biscuits?, do you want any biscuits?

non ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books

non vedo niente di meglio — I can't see anything better

c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know

ho dei soldi — I've got some money

non c'è nulla di strano — there's nothing odd about it

c'è del vero in quello che dici — there's some truth in what you say

vuoi del vino? — would you like some wine?, do you want any wine?

* * *
I [di]
preposizione (artcl. del, dello, della, dell'; pl. dei, de' ant., degli, delle)

1) (appartenenza, possesso)

l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car

l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother

di chi è questa penna? — whose pen is this?

le orecchie del gatto — the cat's ears

la politica dell'Italia — Italy's policy

un allievo del professor Bianchi — one of Mr Bianchi's students

2) (specificazione)

tre litri di vino — three litres of wine

una tazza di caffè — a cup of coffee

minestra di cipolle — onion soup

il mese di maggio — the month of May

la città di York — the city of York

un biglietto del treno — a train ticket

un libro di geografia — a geography book

un giocatore di tennis — a tennis player

mercato dei fiori — flower market

il re del Brunei — the king of Brunei

il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan

pieno di vino — full of wine

ricco di materie prime — rich in raw material

l'8 del mese — the 8th of the month

la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January

il treno delle sei — the six o'clock train

3) (autore) by

un romanzo di Poe — a novel by Poe

una canzone dei REM — a song by REM

le opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante

4) (causa) with, for

morire di cancro — to die of o from cancer

urlare di paura — to scream with fear

tremare di freddo — to tremble with cold

5) (materia) of, in

di che cosa è fatto? — what is it made (out) of?

è d'oro — it's made (out) of gold

un vestito di cotone — a cotton dress

6) (misura)

un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length

uno spettacolo di due ore — a two-hour show

un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest

un bambino di sei anni — a six-year-old boy

7) (origine) from

è di Taiwan — he's from Taiwan

8) (argomento) about

parlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.

ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb

9) (limitazione)

debole d'udito — hard of hearing

alto di statura — tall of o in stature

10) (in espressioni di modo o mezzo)

di nascosto — out of sight, secretly

di recente — recently

essere di fretta — to be in a hurry

vivere d'aria — to live on fresh air

sporcare di caffè — to stain with coffee

11) (in espressioni di tempo)

di notte — at night, by night

di lunedì — on Mondays

d'e state — in summer

12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)

è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room

si esce di qui? — is this the way out?

13) (con valore predicativo)

quell'imbecille di tuo fratello — that stupid brother of yours

qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new

14) (con un infinito) to

essere contento di fare — to be happy to do

è ora di andare — it's time to go

penso di poter venire — I think I can come

15) (nel comparativo) than

è più alto di me — he's taller than I o me

spende più di quanto guadagni — he spends more than he earns

16) (nel superlativo)

il più giovane dei tre fratelli — the youngest of the three brothers

il più grande ristorante della città — the biggest restaurant in town

17) (con valore indefinito)

ci sono delle domande? — are there any questions?

mangiare delle uova — to eat eggs

18) (con valore partitivo)

molti di loro — many of them
II [di]
sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D

* * *

dì

/di/

m.inv.

lett. day.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > dì
11 colpo

m blow

(fig) blow, shock

di pistola shot

medicine stroke

colpo apoplettico apoplectic fit

colpo di calore heat stroke

colpo di sole sunstroke

colpo di stato coup d'état

colpo di telefono phone call

colpo di testa whim

fare colpo make an impact

sul colpo, di colpo suddenly

* * *

colpo s.m.

1 blow, stroke: un colpo di martello, the stroke of a hammer; uccidere un uomo con un colpo di spada, to kill a man with the stroke of one's sword; fu punito con dodici colpi di frusta, he was punished with twelve lashes of the whip; dare, vibrare un colpo a qlcu., to give (o deal o strike) s.o. a blow; un colpo in testa, a blow on the (o one's) head; se l'è cavata con un colpo in testa, all he got was a blow on his head // ( scherma): colpo di piatto, flat stroke; colpo di punta, thrust; colpo di taglio, cut blow // ( tennis): colpo al volo, volley; colpo diritto, forehand drive; colpo rovescio, backhand drive; colpo schiacciato, smash; colpo smorzato, drop shot // colpo di remi, oarstroke // un colpo di spazzola, a brushstroke // un colpo di pettine, a quick comb: mi do un colpo di pettine ed esco, I'll give my hair a quick comb and then go out // colpo di sole, sunstroke; colpi di sole ( nei capelli) highlights // colpo di vento, gust (of wind) // colpo di fulmine, stroke of lightning; (fig.) love at first sight // colpo di timone, tug of the tiller; (fig.) change of course // colpo di coda, flick of the tail; (fig.) sudden change // colpo da maestro, masterstroke // colpo fortunato, lucky stroke (o hit) // colpo basso, blow under the belt (anche fig.) // colpo di fortuna, stroke (o piece) of luck: che colpo di fortuna!, what a piece (o stroke) of luck! // colpo di grazia, finishing stroke // colpo di telefono, call (o ring): dammi un colpo di telefono non appena hai un minuto, give me a ring as soon as you can // (mil.): colpo di stato, coup d'état; colpo di mano, coup de main (o sudden attack) // colpo di testa, ( calcio) header, (fig.) rash act: non fare colpi di testa, don't act rashly; ha segnato con un colpo di testa, he scored with a header // colpo di genio, stroke of genius // colpo d'occhio, ( occhiata) quick glance; ( veduta) view; le case e il fiume sono un colpo d'occhio meraviglioso, the houses and the river are a marvellous view; a colpo d'occhio, at a glance // colpo di scena, coup de théâtre (o stage trick); un improvviso colpo di scena mise la polizia sulla pista giusta, a sudden, unexpected turn of events set the police on the right track // ( idraulica) colpo d'ariete, water hammer // a colpo sicuro, ( senza esitazione) without any hesitation (o unhesitatingly), ( senza alcun rischio) without any risk // di colpo, suddenly (o all of a sudden) // d'un colpo solo, tutto d'un colpo, all in one go // sul colpo, on the spot: morire sul colpo, to drop dead on the spot (o there and then), ( in un incidente) to be killed outright (o instantly) // dare un colpo al cerchio e uno alla botte, to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds // dare un colpo di spugna a qlco., to pass the sponge over sthg. // incassare, ricevere un colpo, (fig.) to take a blow; accusare, incassare il colpo, (fig.) to feel the blow // far colpo, to make a sensation; far colpo su qlcu., to make a hit with s.o. // senza colpo ferire, without any resistance // la morte dell'amico fu per lui un colpo fatale, the death of his friend came to him as a fatal blow

2 ( d'arma da fuoco) shot: colpo di cannone, gun shot; colpo di fucile, rifle shot; colpo di rimbalzo, ricocheting shot; colpo a salve, blank shot // fallire il colpo, to miss the target

3 ( apoplettico) (apoplectic) stroke: temevo gli venisse un colpo, I was afraid he would have a stroke // mi è venuto un colpo quando mi hanno presentato il conto, I got a shock when I was given the bill // mi venga un colpo se lo faccio!, I'll be damned if I do it! // ti venisse un colpo!, damn you! (o hang you!) // mi venisse un colpo se me ne sono ricordato, I couldn't for the life of me remember

4 ( giornalistico) scoop: l'articolo sul segretario del partito è stato un bel colpo, that article on the Party Leader was a real scoop

5 ( rapina) robbery: il colpo del secolo, the robbery of the century; fare un colpo, to pull off a robbery; hanno fatto un colpo in banca ieri mattina, they robbed the bank yesterday morning.

* * *
['kolpo]
1. sm

1) (aggressivo) blow, (urto) knock, (fig : affettivo) blow, shock

colpo basso — blow below the belt

colpo mortale — mortal blow

colpo di spada — sword blow

colpo di remo — oar stroke

dare un colpo a qn — to hit sb

un colpo in testa — a blow on the head

dare un colpo in testa a qn — to hit sb over the head

gli ha dato un colpo in testa — he hit him on the head

prendere un colpo in o alla testa — to bump one's head

prendere qn a colpi di bastone — to set about sb with a stick

darsi un colpo di pettine — to run a comb through one's hair

è stato un brutto colpo per lui — it came as a hard blow to him

un colpo di coda — (di cavallo) a flick of the tail

con un colpo d'ala l'uccello si è librato in volo — with a flap of its wings the bird took flight

2) (di arma da fuoco) shot

hanno sparato 10 colpi di cannone — they fired 10 cannon shots

mi restano solo 2 colpi — I've only got 2 rounds left

abbiamo sentito dei colpi — we heard shots

sparare un colpo — to fire

ha sparato dei colpi in aria — he fired into the air

3) Med stroke

colpo (apoplettico) — (apopleptic) fit

ti venisse un colpo! fam — drop dead!

mi hai fatto venire un colpo! — what a fright you gave me!

- colpo d'aria

- colpo di calore

- colpo di frusta

- colpo di sole

- colpo di tosse

- colpo basso

2.

- colpi di sole

- colpo d'approccio

- colpo di fortuna

- colpo di fulmine

- colpo giornalistico

- colpo gobbo

- colpo di grazia

- colpo di mano

- colpo d'occhio

- colpo di rimbalzo

- colpo di scena

- colpo di Stato

- colpo di telefono

- colpo di testa

- colpo di vento

* * *
['kolpo]
sostantivo maschile

1) (urto) blow, hit, stroke

ricevere un colpo in testa — to get a bang o knock on the head

ho preso un brutto colpo al ginocchio — my knee got a nasty bang

2) (di ascia) stroke, chop, fall; (di spada) stroke, slash, thrust

un colpo di martello — a hammer blow, a knock with a hammer

3) (sparo) shot

colpo d'arma da fuoco — gunshot

sparare un colpo di — to let off [fucile, pistola]

sparare un colpo su o contro qcn., qcs. — to fire o take a shot at sb., sth

4) (rumore) bang, bump, thud, thump

un colpo alla porta — a knock at the door

5) (movimento rapido)

dare un colpo di ferro a qcs. — to run the iron over sth., to give sth. an iron

colpo di clacson — beep, honk, hoot, peep

colpo di pennello — (brush)stroke

6) (batosta) blow, knock

essere un duro colpo, un colpo terribile — to be a blow (per qcn. to, for sb.)

ricevere un brutto colpo — to take a knock

7) sport (nel tennis, golf) shot, stroke; (nel karate) chop; (di remi) pull, stroke

colpo di testa — (nel calcio) header

8) colloq. (rapina) job

fare un colpo in banca — to do a bank job

9) colloq. stroke

(che) mi prenda un colpo se lo so! — hanged if I know!

mi ha fatto venire un colpo! — it gave me quite a turn o a nasty turn!

a mamma piglierà un colpo — my mum's going to have a cow scherz.

10) di colpo all of a sudden, suddenly

11) in un colpo (solo) at a single stroke, in one (go)

12) sul colpo [ morire] instantly

ucciso sul colpo — killed outright

•

colpo apoplettico — med. stroke

colpo d'aria — chill

colpo basso — (nella boxe) blow below the belt (anche fig.)

colpo di calore — heat exhaustion o stroke

colpo di fortuna — lucky break o strike, stroke of luck

colpo di frusta — whiplash injury

colpo di fulmine — coup de foudre, love at first sight

colpo di genio — stroke of genius, masterstroke

colpo di grazia — coup de grâce, death blow

colpo d'occhio — glance

a colpo d'occhio — at a glance

colpo di scena — twist, turnup for the books BE

colpo di sole — sunstroke, insolation

colpo di Stato — coup (d'état)

colpo della strega — back strain

colpo di telefono — buzz, ring

- i di sole — cosmet. highlights

••

senza esclusione di -i — [ lotta] with the gloves off

senza colpo ferire — without striking a blow

fare colpo su qcn. — to make a hit with o an impression on sb.

ha passato l'esame di guida al primo colpo — she passed her driving test first time round

a colpo sicuro — without fail

perdere -i — [ motore] to miss

stai perdendo -i! — you're slipping!

fare un colpo di testa — to have a rush of blood to the head

* * *

colpo

/'kolpo/

sostantivo m.

1 (urto) blow, hit, stroke; ricevere un colpo in testa to get a bang o knock on the head; ho preso un brutto colpo al ginocchio my knee got a nasty bang

2 (di ascia) stroke, chop, fall; (di spada) stroke, slash, thrust; un colpo di martello a hammer blow, a knock with a hammer

3 (sparo) shot; colpo d'arma da fuoco gunshot; sparare un colpo di to let off [fucile, pistola]; sparare un colpo su o contro qcn., qcs. to fire o take a shot at sb., sth.

4 (rumore) bang, bump, thud, thump; un colpo alla porta a knock at the door

5 (movimento rapido) dare un colpo di ferro a qcs. to run the iron over sth., to give sth. an iron; colpo di clacson beep, honk, hoot, peep; colpo di pennello (brush)stroke

6 (batosta) blow, knock; essere un duro colpo, un colpo terribile to be a blow (per qcn. to, for sb.); ricevere un brutto colpo to take a knock

7 sport (nel tennis, golf) shot, stroke; (nel karate) chop; (di remi) pull, stroke; colpo di testa (nel calcio) header

8 colloq. (rapina) job; fare un colpo in banca to do a bank job

9 colloq. stroke; (che) mi prenda un colpo se lo so! hanged if I know! mi ha fatto venire un colpo! it gave me quite a turn o a nasty turn! a mamma piglierà un colpo my mum's going to have a cow scherz.

10 di colpo all of a sudden, suddenly

11 in un colpo (solo) at a single stroke, in one (go)

12 sul colpo [ morire] instantly; ucciso sul colpo killed outright

IDIOMS

senza esclusione di -i [ lotta] with the gloves off; senza colpo ferire without striking a blow; fare colpo su qcn. to make a hit with o an impression on sb.; ha passato l'esame di guida al primo colpo she passed her driving test first time round; a colpo sicuro without fail; perdere -i [ motore] to miss; stai perdendo -i! you're slipping! fare un colpo di testa to have a rush of blood to the head

\

COMPOUNDS

colpo apoplettico med. stroke; colpo d'aria chill; colpo basso (nella boxe) blow below the belt (anche fig.); colpo di calore heat exhaustion o stroke; colpo di fortuna lucky break o strike, stroke of luck; colpo di frusta whiplash injury; colpo di fulmine coup de foudre, love at first sight; colpo di genio stroke of genius, masterstroke; colpo di grazia coup de grâce, death blow; colpo d'occhio glance; a colpo d'occhio at a glance; colpo di scena twist, turnup for the books BE; colpo di sole sunstroke, insolation; colpo di Stato coup (d'état); colpo della strega back strain; colpo di telefono buzz, ring; - i di sole cosmet. highlights.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > colpo
12 intocable

adj.

1 above criticism.

2 untouchable, impalpable, unplayable, sacrosanct.

m.

untouchable.

* * *

intocable

► adjetivo

1 untouchable

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=sagrado) sacred, sacrosanct

la Constitución es intocable — the Constitution is sacred o sacrosanct

sigue líder intocable en los Campeonatos del Mundo — he is still the runaway leader in the World Championships

2) [tema] taboo

2.

SMF [en la India] untouchable

* * *
I
adjetivo

a) ( sagrado) sacred, sacrosanct

b) < tema> taboo

c) < casta> untouchable
II
masculino y femenino (Sociol) untouchable

* * *

= harijan, untouchable.

Ex. And similarly, for the LC heading 'UNTOUCHABLES' there is a perfectly acceptable Ghandi-endorsed name, harijans.

Ex. Consider placing the following five or six names in the left-hand column, and then tell me what you feel: Eta, untouchables, Bushmen, Hottentots, Eskimos, and Lapps.

* * *
I
adjetivo

a) ( sagrado) sacred, sacrosanct

b) < tema> taboo

c) < casta> untouchable
II
masculino y femenino (Sociol) untouchable

* * *

= harijan, untouchable.

Ex: And similarly, for the LC heading 'UNTOUCHABLES' there is a perfectly acceptable Ghandi-endorsed name, harijans.

Ex: Consider placing the following five or six names in the left-hand column, and then tell me what you feel: Eta, untouchables, Bushmen, Hottentots, Eskimos, and Lapps.

* * *

intocable¹

adjective

1 (sagrado) sacred, sacrosanct

la figura del emperador era intocable the emperor was a sacred figure, the figure of the emperor was sacred o sacrosanct o untouchable

2 ‹tema› taboo

este tema en mi casa es intocable this subject is taboo o this is a taboo subject in my house

3 ‹casta› untouchable

intocable²

masculine and feminine

( Sociol) untouchable

* * *

intocable adjetivo
a) ( sagrado) sacred, sacrosanct

b) ‹ tema› taboo

c) ‹ casta› untouchable

intocable sustantivo femenino untouchable
' intocable' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
sagrado
English:
untouchable

* * *

intocable

♦ adj

1. [persona, institución] above criticism

2. [tema] taboo

♦ nmf
[en India] untouchable
* * *

intocable

adj

1 ( sagrado) sacrosanct

2 tema taboo

* * *

intocable adj

: untouchable

Spanish-English dictionary > intocable
13 rise

[raɪz] 1. гл.; прош. вр. rose; прич. прош. вр. risen
1) в(о)сходить, вставать, подниматься, взбираться

Smoke could be seen rising from the chimney. — Было видно, как из камина поднимается дым.

Syn:

ascend

2)

а) подниматься; вставать на ноги

б) просыпаться, вставать с кровати

- Rise and shine!

в) становиться на дыбы ( о животных)

г) становиться дыбом (о шерсти, волосах)

3) = rise from the dead

а) воскресать, оживать; возрождаться, возвращаться к жизни

б) рел. воскресать ( из мёртвых)

4) ( rise above) возвышаться над (кем-л. / чем-л.), быть выше (чего-л.)

to rise above the prejudices — быть выше предрассудков

The children have been taught to rise above selfish considerations. — Детей научили быть выше эгоистичных побуждений.

5) приобретать вес, влияние

to rise in smb.'s opinion / estimation — вырасти в чьих-л. глазах

to rise in the world — преуспевать

6)

а) увеличиваться в объёме, возрастать

A wind rose. — Задул сильный ветер.

Fear rose up in their hearts as the enemy came near. — Их сердца сжались от страха, когда враг подошёл близко.

б) подниматься, подходить ( о тесте)

в) расти ( о деревьях)

г) выходить из берегов (о морях, реках и т. п.)

7) тошнить

My stomach rises. — Меня тошнит.

8) издавать более высокую ноту

9) ( rise above) быть в состоянии справиться с (чем-л.); мобилизовать силы, усилия на (что-л.)

The company has risen above its early problems, and is now doing well. — Компания справилась со своими проблемами и сейчас процветает.

10) поднимать восстание, восставать; браться за оружие

to rise in rebellion — поднять мятеж, бунт

11)

а) происходить, случаться

Then rose a little feud between the two. — Тогда между ними случилась небольшая распря.

Syn:

happen, occur

б) ( rise from) брать начало, начинаться (где-л.)

The greatest leader of the nation rose from humble origins. — Самый великий лидер нации происходил из низов общества.

Syn:

originate, result, issue

в) иметь в качестве результата (что-л.), получить в качестве результата (что-л.)

12) оказывать тёплый приём, одобрять (что-л.)

The audience rose a new performance. — Публика с восторгом приняла новую пьесу.

- rise in applause

Syn:

applaud

13) брит. закрываться, прекращать работу (о съезде, сессии и т. п.)

Parliament will rise next week. — Сессия парламента закрывается на будущей неделе.

Syn:

adjourn

14) воен. снимать лагерь, осаду

••

- rise to the bait
- rise to the fly
- rise to it 2. сущ.
1)

а) повышение, возвышение, подъём

rise in the road — участок подъема на дороге

б) возвышенность, холм

в) вершина (горы, холма и т. п.)

Syn:

hilltop

2)

а) подъём, восхождение

Syn:

ascent

б) театр. поднятие занавеса

3) восход (солнца, луны)

the rise hour — час восхода

4) поднятие; увеличение, рост, прирост

5) приобретение лучшего общественного положения; повышение ( по службе)

We have seen the beginning of this fortunate man's rise. (''The Private Life of Lewis XV'', translated from the French by J. O. Justanond) — Мы видели, как этот счастливчик начал свой путь наверх.

6) брит. прибавка (к жалованью, окладу), повышение заработной платы

7) вспышка гнева

to take / get a rise out of smb. — раздразнить кого-л.; вывести кого-л. из себя

He got a rise out of her. — Он вызвал её гнев.

I told him for his good; he needn't get in such a rise about it. — Я это сказала из лучших побуждений, ему не следовало так выходить из себя.

Syn:

burst of anger

8) начало, исход, происхождение

to take its rise in smth. — брать начало в чём-л.

Syn:

beginning, origin

9) исток (какого-л. водоёма)

The river had its rise in the mountains. — Река брала своё начало в горах.

10) клёв

11)

а) горн. восстающая выработка

б) геол. восстание ( пласта)

12) тех.; стр. стрела (арки, провеса, подъёма); вынос, провес ( провода)

13) лес. сбег (ствола, бревна)

14) лестничный пролёт

15) высота талии ( у брюк)

••

- be on the rise

Англо-русский современный словарь > rise
14 Barry, Sir Charles

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 23 May 1795 Westminster, London, England

d. 12 May 1860 Clapham, London, England

[br]

English architect who was a leader in the field between the years 1830 and 1860.

[br]

Barry was typical of the outstanding architects of this time. His work was eclectic, and he suited the style—whether Gothic or classical—to the commission and utilized the then-traditional materials and methods of construction. He is best known as architect of the new Palace of Westminster; he won the competition to rebuild it after the disastrous fire of the old palace in 1834. Bearing this in mind in the rebuilding, Barry utilized that characteristic nineteenth-century material, iron for joists and roofing plates.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1852. Member of the Royal Academy; the Royal Society; the Academies of St Luke, Rome; St Petersburg (and others); and the American Institute of Architects. RIBA Gold Medal 1850.

Further Reading

Marcus Whiffen, The Architecture of Sir Charles Barry in Manchester and Neighbourhood, Royal Manchester Institution.

H.M.Port (ed.), 1976, The Houses of Parliament, Yale University Press.

H.M.Colvin (ed.), The History of the King's Works, Vol. 6, HMSO.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Barry, Sir Charles
15 Social Democratic Party / Partido Social Democrático

(PSD)

   One of the two major political parties in democratic Portugal. It was established originally as the Popular Democratic Party / Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) in May 1974, following the Revolution of 25 April 1974 that overthrew the Estado Novo. The PPD had its roots in the "liberal wing" of the União Nacional, the single, legal party or movement allowed under the Estado Novo during the last phase of that regime, under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano. A number of future PPD leaders, such as Francisco Sá Carneiro and Francisco Balsemão, hoped to reform the Estado Novo from within, but soon became discouraged. After the 1974 Revolution, the PPD participated in two general elections (April 1975 and April 1976), which were crucial for the establishment and consolidation of democracy, and the party won sufficient votes to become the second largest political party after the Socialist Party (PS) in the number of seats held in the legislature, the Assembly of the Republic. The PPD voting results in those two elections were 26.4 percent and 24.4 percent, respectively.

   After the 1976 elections, the party changed its name from Partido Popular Democrático to Partido Social Democrático (PSD). As political opinion swung from the left to the center and center-right, and with the leadership of Francisco Sá Carneiro, the PSD gained greater popularity and strength, and from 1979 on, the party played an important role in government. After Sá Carneiro died in the air crash of December 1980, he was replaced as party chief and then prime minister by Francisco Balsemão, and then by Aníbal Cavaco Silva. As successors, these two leaders guided the PSD to a number of electoral victories, especially beginning in 1985. After 1987, the PSD held a majority of seats in parliament, a situation that lasted until 1995, when the Socialist Party (PS) won the election.

   The PSD's principal political program has featured the de-Marxi-fication of the 1976 Constitution and the economic system, a free-market economy with privatization of many state enterprises, and close ties with the European Economic Community (EEC) and subsequently the European Union (EU). After the PSD lost several general elections in 1995 and 1999, and following the withdrawal from office of former prime minister Cavaco Silva, a leadership succession crisis occurred in the party. The party leadership shifted from Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa to Manuel Durão Barroso, and, in 2004, Pedro Santana Lopes.

   During 2000 and 2001, as Portugal's economic situation worsened, the PS's popularity waned. In the December 2001 municipal elections, the PSD decisively defeated the PS and, as a result, Prime Minister António Guterres resigned. Parliamentary elections in March 2002 resulted in a Social Democratic victory, although its margin of victory over the PS was small (40 percent to 38 percent). Upon becoming premier in the spring of 2002, then, PSD leader Durão Barroso, in order to hold a slim majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic, was obliged to govern in a coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Although the PSD had ousted the PS from office, the party confronted formidable economic and social problems. When Durão Barroso resigned to become president of the EU Commission, Pedro Santana Lopes became the PSD's leader, as prime minister in July 2004. Under Santana Lopes's leadership, the PSD lost the parliamentary elections of 2005 to the PS. Since then, the PSD has sought to regain its dominant position with the Portuguese electorate. It made some progress in doing so when its former leader, Cavaco Silva, was elected president of the Republic of 2006.

    See also Political parties.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Social Democratic Party / Partido Social Democrático
16 Chirac, Jacques

   born 1932.

   (adj. Chiraquien)

   Former conservative (Gaullist) President of France, from 1995 to 2007. Chirac's reelection in 2002 was an unexpected twist of fortune, caused by the elimination of the front-runner, socialist Lionel Jospin, pipped into third place in the first round of the election by a surge in the vote for the far right wing leader of the French National Front, Jean Marie Le Pen.Facing Le Pen in the second round, Chirac was reelected with a massive majority in what was in essence a contest between the the extreme right and everyone else. Had the second round of the election been a classic left-right contest, Chirac's re-election would not have been guaranteed.

   Jacques Chirac was a highly ambitious career politician, who worked his way rapidly up the ranks of the Gaullist movement; yet his first steps in politics were actually as a militant for the Communist party, and as a student he sold the communist newspaper l'Humanité on the streets of Paris. After graduating from "Sciences Po", he changed tack, married into Parisian high society, studied at the elite ENA (Ecole Nationale d'Administration), and then began a career in politics, working for the office of the prime minister, Georges Pompidou. In 1976, he was appointed junior minister for employment in the third Pompidou government, and from then after he remained one of the most omnipresent of conservative politicians in France. From Gaullist, he became a supporter of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing during Giscard's 1974 bid for the presidency - against the Gaullist Chaban-Delmas - and was appointed Prime Minister when Giscard won. Two years later, he resigned, complaining that Giscard was cramping his style.

   This was the start of his rise to the top. No longer prime minister, in 1977 he set about building his own power base, or rather his own two power bases, firstly as leader of a new political party, the RPR, created out of the old Gaullist UDR, and secondly by becoming elected Mayor of Paris. In 1981, he challenged Giscard for the presidency, but came third in the first round of the election, which was won by François Mitterrand. By 1986 he was clear leader of the conservative opposition. When the conservatives won the general election of that year, he was appointed prime minister, ushering in the first period of cohabitation (see below) between a president and a government of different political persuasions.

   In 1988, he was again a candidate in the presidential election, and again lost; but with his power base in Paris and in the RPR, he then had seven years in which to prepare his third, and first successful, challenge for the presidency.

   He served two terms as president, the first of seven years, the second of five - though as already stated, his reelection in 2002 was more due to the failure of the Socialist campaign and the surprise presence of Le Pen in the second round, than in his own popularity. It is still rather early to judge the Chirac presidency in a historic perspective, but early appraisals suggest that it will not be remembered as a great period in French history. It was a time during which France dramatically failed to adapt to the changes in the modern world - the end of the Cold War and the challenge of globalisation - and failed to push through the social and economic reforms that were allowing other developed nations such as France, Germany or Spain, to find their place in the new world order.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Chirac, Jacques
17 clasificación

f.

1 classification, bracket, sorting, categorization.

2 classified results.

3 league table, placing in league rank, placing.

4 classification, break-down, grading.

* * *

clasificación

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) classification

2 (distribución) sorting, filing

3 DEPORTE league, table

4 (de discos) top twenty, hit parade

* * *

noun f.

1) classification

2) rating

* * *

SF

1) (=categorización) classification

2) (=ordenación) [de documentos] classification; (Inform, Correos) sorting

3) (Náut) rating

4) [en torneo] qualification

5) (=lista) table, league

* * *

femenino

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? — what certificate has it got?

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final — this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

quinto en la clasificación final del rally — fifth in the final placings for the rally

obtuvo una buena clasificación — he finished among the leaders

* * *

= classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.

Ex. Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.

Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.

Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.

Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.

Ex. Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.

Ex. This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.

Ex. This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.

Ex. In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.

Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.

Ex. Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.

Ex. After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.

Ex. It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.

Ex. Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.

----

* clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.

* clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.

* clasificación automática = automatic classification.

* clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.

* Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).

* clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.

* Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).

* Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.

* Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).

* clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.

* clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.

* clasificación del correo = mail sorting.

* clasificación del suelo = zoning.

* Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.

* clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.

* clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.

* clasificación facetada = faceted classification.

* clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.

* clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.

* clasificación por materia = subject classification.

* clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.

* clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.

* de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.

* dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.

* LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.

* paquete de clasificación = sort package.

* sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.

* sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).

* sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.

* sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.

* sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.

* sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.

* tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.

* * *

femenino

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? — what certificate has it got?

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final — this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

quinto en la clasificación final del rally — fifth in the final placings for the rally

obtuvo una buena clasificación — he finished among the leaders

* * *

= classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.

Ex: Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.

Ex: A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.

Ex: Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.

Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.

Ex: Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.

Ex: This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.

Ex: This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.

Ex: In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.

Ex: The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.

Ex: Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.

Ex: After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.

Ex: It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.

Ex: Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.

* clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.

* clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.

* clasificación automática = automatic classification.

* clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.

* Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).

* clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.

* Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).

* Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.

* Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).

* clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.

* clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.

* clasificación del correo = mail sorting.

* clasificación del suelo = zoning.

* Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.

* clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.

* clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.

* clasificación facetada = faceted classification.

* clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.

* clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.

* clasificación por materia = subject classification.

* clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.

* clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.

* de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.

* dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.

* LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.

* paquete de clasificación = sort package.

* sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.

* sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).

* sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.

* sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.

* sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.

* sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.

* tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.

* * *

clasificación

feminine

A (de documentos, libros) classification; (de cartas) sorting

el ordenador que hace la clasificación del correo the computer that sorts the mail

B (de una película — acción) classification

(— certificado): ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? what certificate has it got?

C (de un elemento, una planta) classification

D ( Dep)

1 (para una etapa posterior) qualification

peligra nuestra clasificación para la final we are in danger of not making o of not qualifying for the final

esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals

2 (tabla) placings (pl); (puesto) position, place

quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

* * *

clasificación sustantivo femenino
1 (de documentos, animales, plantas) classification;
( de cartas) sorting
2 ( de película) certificate
3
a) (Dep) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification;

◊ partido de clasificación qualifying match

b) ( tabla) placings (pl);

( puesto) position, place;
◊ quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

clasificación sustantivo femenino
1 classification
2 Dep (lista) table: es el tercero en la clasificación mundial, he's ranked third in the world
(acción) qualification: la atleta española no ha conseguido su clasificación, the Spanish athlete has not qualified
' clasificación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
encabezar
- escala
- juvenil
- cabeza
- descender
- escalar
- fase
- frente
- ocupar
- prueba
- puesto
English:
classification
- filing
- rating
- table
- preliminary
- qualification

* * *

clasificación nf

1. [ordenación] classification

Comp
Econ clasificación de solvencia credit rating
2. [de animal, planta] classification

3. [de película] classification

4. Dep [lista] [en liga] (league) Br table o US standings;
[en carrera, torneo] classification;
encabezar la clasificación [en liga] to be at the top of the league;
[en carrera, torneo] to lead the classification
Comp
clasificación combinada combined event;
clasificación por equipos team classification;

clasificación general (general) classification;

clasificación de la regularidad points classification

5. Dep [para competición] qualification;

no consiguieron lograr la clasificación para las semifinales they didn't manage to qualify for the semifinals

* * *

clasificación

f

1 DEP en competición qualification

2 de liga league table

3

:

hacer la clasificación de los documentos sort the documents out

* * *

clasificación nf, pl - ciones

1) : classification, sorting out

2) : rating

3) calificación: qualification (in competitions)

* * *

clasificación n

1. (en general) classification

la clasificación del reino animal the classification of the animal kingdom

2. (en deporte acción) qualifying

la fase de clasificación de la competición the qualifying stage of the competition

3. (en deporte ranking) ranking

Seles ocupa el primer lugar de la clasificación mundial Seles is first in the world ranking

¿quién es el líder de la clasificación de primera? who is top of the first division?

Spanish-English dictionary > clasificación
18 solitario

adj.

1 solitary, lone, lonesome, lonely.

2 solitary, unfrequented.

m.

1 loner, solitary, solitudinarian, recluse.

2 solitary confinement, chokey.

3 solitaire, patience, solitaire game, card game played by one person alone.

4 solitaire.

* * *

solitario

► adjetivo

1 (que está solo) solitary, lone

2 (que se siente solo) lonely

3 (lugar) deserted, lonely

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 (persona) solitary person

2 (ermitaño) hermit

► nombre masculino solitario

1 (diamante, naipes) solitaire

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

vuelo en solitario solo flight

————————

solitario

► nombre masculino

1 (diamante, naipes) solitaire

* * *
1. (f. - solitaria)
adj.

1) lone

2) lonely

3) deserted
2. noun m.
solitaire
3. (f. - solitaria)
noun

loner

* * *
solitario, -a
1. ADJ

1) [persona, vida] solitary, lonely, lonesome (EEUU)

vivir solitario — to live alone o on one's own

2) [lugar] lonely, desolate

a esa hora la calle está solitaria — at that hour the street is deserted o empty

2.

SM / F (=recluso) recluse; (=ermitaño) hermit

3. SM

1) (Naipes) solitaire

2) (=diamante) solitaire

3)

en solitario — alone, on one's own

vuelta al mundo en solitario — solo trip around the world

tocar en solitario — to play solo

* * *
I
- ria adjetivo

a) <persona/animal> solitary

lleva una vida muy solitaria — he leads a very solitary existence

tuvo una niñez muy solitaria — she had a very lonely childhood

canta en solitario — he sings solo

b) < calles> empty, deserted; <paraje/lugar> lonely, solitary
II
- ria masculino, femenino

1) ( persona) loner, solitary (liter)

2) solitario masculino

a) (Jueg) solitaire (AmE), patience (BrE)

hacer un solitario — to play solitaire o patience

b) ( diamante) solitaire

* * *

= lonely [lonelier -comp., loneliest -sup.], loner, solitary, lone, lorn, reclusive, recluse.

Ex. A lengthy list may be printed off-line and sent through the mail, rather than have the user maintain a lonely vigil at the terminal.

Ex. Temperamentally Otlet was a loner wishing to be able to do everything himself in his own way.

Ex. The solitary volume published remains to date a memorial of that epochal event.

Ex. Discoveries and developments, as well as purely literary work, are constituted in such a way as to make it difficult any longer to sustain the inherited notions of the sublime inventor, the lone genius, the poet as solitary = Los descubrimientos y los avances, además de las obras puramente literarias, son de tal forma que es difícil seguir manteniendo la idea que hemos heredado sobre el inventor sublime, el genio solitario, el poeta en solitario.

Ex. I felt lorn and bereft, then suddenly it was gone, leaving me empty and shaken the way a storm shakes the land and the sea.

Ex. Then, just days later, the usually reclusive leader of the Pakistani Taliban Mehsud held a news conference of his own, in the same region.

Ex. Despite fast becoming one of the most famous women on the planet, Paris Hilton says she won't turn into a recluse.

----

* bibliotecario en solitario = solo librarian.

* en solitario = solo, one-man.

* lobo solitario = lone wolf.

* persona solitaria = lone wolf.

* * *
I
- ria adjetivo

a) <persona/animal> solitary

lleva una vida muy solitaria — he leads a very solitary existence

tuvo una niñez muy solitaria — she had a very lonely childhood

canta en solitario — he sings solo

b) < calles> empty, deserted; <paraje/lugar> lonely, solitary
II
- ria masculino, femenino

1) ( persona) loner, solitary (liter)

2) solitario masculino

a) (Jueg) solitaire (AmE), patience (BrE)

hacer un solitario — to play solitaire o patience

b) ( diamante) solitaire

* * *

= lonely [lonelier -comp., loneliest -sup.], loner, solitary, lone, lorn, reclusive, recluse.

Ex: A lengthy list may be printed off-line and sent through the mail, rather than have the user maintain a lonely vigil at the terminal.

Ex: Temperamentally Otlet was a loner wishing to be able to do everything himself in his own way.

Ex: The solitary volume published remains to date a memorial of that epochal event.

Ex: Discoveries and developments, as well as purely literary work, are constituted in such a way as to make it difficult any longer to sustain the inherited notions of the sublime inventor, the lone genius, the poet as solitary = Los descubrimientos y los avances, además de las obras puramente literarias, son de tal forma que es difícil seguir manteniendo la idea que hemos heredado sobre el inventor sublime, el genio solitario, el poeta en solitario.

Ex: I felt lorn and bereft, then suddenly it was gone, leaving me empty and shaken the way a storm shakes the land and the sea.

Ex: Then, just days later, the usually reclusive leader of the Pakistani Taliban Mehsud held a news conference of his own, in the same region.

Ex: Despite fast becoming one of the most famous women on the planet, Paris Hilton says she won't turn into a recluse.

* bibliotecario en solitario = solo librarian.

* en solitario = solo, one-man.

* lobo solitario = lone wolf.

* persona solitaria = lone wolf.

* * *

solitario¹ - ria

adjective

1 ‹persona/animal› solitary

lleva una vida muy solitaria he leads a very solitary existence

tuvo una niñez muy solitaria she had a very lonely childhood

ahora canta en solitario now he sings solo

delincuentes que actúan en solitario criminals who operate on their own

hizo la travesía en solitario he made the crossing single-handed o solo

2 ‹calles› empty, deserted; ‹paraje/lugar› lonely, solitary

solitario² - ria

masculine, feminine

A (persona) recluse, solitary ( liter), loner ( colloq)

B

solitario masculine

1 ( Jueg, Ocio) solitaire ( AmE), patience ( BrE)

estoy haciendo un solitario I'm playing solitaire o patience

2 (diamante) solitaire

* * *

solitario
◊ - ria adjetivo

a) ‹persona/animal› solitary;

‹vejez/niñez› lonely;
◊ lleva una vida muy solitaria he leads a very solitary existence

b) ‹ calles› empty, deserted;

‹paraje/lugar› lonely, solitary
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
1 ( persona) loner
2
◊ solitario sustantivo masculino

a) (Jueg) solitaire (AmE), patience (BrE)

b) ( diamante) solitaire

solitario,-a
I adjetivo
1 (paraje, calle) solitary
2 (sin compañía) alone: una figura solitaria cruzó la calle, a lonely figure crossed the street
(al que le gusta la soledad) loner
II sustantivo masculino Naipes solitaire: estaba haciendo un solitario, I was playing patience
' solitario' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
señera
- señero
- solitaria
English:
lone
- lonely
- loner
- patience
- recluse
- secluded
- solitaire
- solitary
- solo

* * *

solitario, -a

♦ adj

1. [persona, vida] solitary;

una vida triste y solitaria a sad and lonely life;

navegar en solitario to sail solo

2. [lugar] lonely, deserted;

es una calle muy solitaria it's a very solitary street;

esto está muy solitario this place is deserted

♦ nm,f
[persona] loner
♦ nm

1. [diamante] solitaire

2. [juego] Br patience, US solitaire;

hacer un solitario to play a game of Br patience o US solitaire

* * *

solitario

I adj

1 persona solitary;

actuó en solitario he acted alone

2 lugar lonely

II m juego solitaire, Br

patience

* * *

solitario, - ria adj

1) : lonely

2) : lone, solitary

3) desierto: deserted, lonely

una calle solitaria: a deserted street

solitario, - ria n

: recluse, loner

solitario nm

: solitaire

* * *

solitario adj

1. (que está solo) solitary

lleva una vida solitaria she leads a solitary existence

2. (que se siente solo) lonely [comp. lonelier; superl. loneliest]

una persona solitaria a lonely person

3. (lugar) deserted

una calle solitaria a deserted street

en solitario solo

ha sacado un álbum en solitario he's brought out a solo album

Spanish-English dictionary > solitario
19 en gran medida

= broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree

Ex. These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.

Ex. This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.

Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.

Ex. If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.

Ex. UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.

Ex. Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.

Ex. The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.

Ex. And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.

Ex. She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.

Ex. Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.

Ex. His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.

Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex. In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).

Ex. Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.

Ex. Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.

Ex. Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.

Ex. To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.

Ex. To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.

Ex. To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.

* * *

= broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree

Ex: These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.

Ex: This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.

Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.

Ex: If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.

Ex: UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.

Ex: Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.

Ex: The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.

Ex: And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.

Ex: She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.

Ex: Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.

Ex: His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.

Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex: In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).

Ex: Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.

Ex: Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.

Ex: Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.

Ex: To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.

Ex: To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.

Ex: To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.

Spanish-English dictionary > en gran medida
20 cabrón

adj.

1 mean, evil.

2 intelligent.

m.

1 billy goat, buck.

2 cuckold, man married to an unfaithful wife.

3 son of a bitch, sod, git, get.

* * *

cabrón

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 tabú (hombre) bastard; (mujer) bitch

► nombre masculino cabrón

1 ZOOLOGÍA he-goat, billy-goat

2 tabú (que consiente el adulterio) cuckold

————————

cabrón

► nombre masculino

1 ZOOLOGÍA he-goat, billy-goat

2 tabú (que consiente el adulterio) cuckold

* * *
cabrón, -ona ***
1.

SM (=cornudo) cuckold

2. SM / F

1)

¡cabrón! — you bastard! ***

es un cabrón — he's a bastard ***

el muy cabrón le robó el coche — the bastard stole his car ***

el tío cabrón ese — that bastard ***

2) LAm [de burdel] brothel keeper; And, Cono Sur (=chulo) pimp; CAm, Cono Sur (=traidor) traitor; And (=maricón) queer **, fag (EEUU) **

¡cabrón! — (=idiota) you stupid berk! **

* * *
I
- brona adjetivo (Esp, Méx vulg)

el muy cabrón/la muy cabrona — the bastard o (AmE) son of a bitch (vulg)/the bitch (vulg)
II
- brona masculino, femenino

1) (Esp, Méx vulg) (masculino) bastard (vulg), son of a bitch (AmE vulg); (femenino) bitch (vulg)

2) cabrón masculino

a) (vulg) ( cornudo) cuckold

b) (Andes fam o vulg) ( proxeneta) pimp, ponce (BrE)

* * *

= rotter, dickhead, scumbag, bitchy [bitchier -comp., bitchiest -sup.], badass, swine, pig, bastard.

Ex. When she had finished Beck said reassuringly: 'Don't let old Tilly bother you - She can be a rotter at times - She's a Jekyl and Hyde, if ever there was one - One minute she's fine; another, she's a monster'.

Ex. Whoever said Moby is the leader of dickheads that beat people up? He is just a bald-headed hippie who wouldn't hurt a fly.

Ex. He then made the comment that our soldiers are fighting 'detestable murderers and scumbags'.

Ex. She worked at a local clothing company for a while and found the other staff and managers to all be very cliquey, bitchy and rather shallow.

Ex. In the hardscrabble times of the Bible, where there were plagues, invasions from foreign powers, and swarms of locusts, you pretty much had to be a badass.

Ex. In German law it is a criminal offense for A to insult B, for example, by calling him a swine.

Ex. He was waiting for the opportunity to unleash his fury, no one calls him a pig and gets away with it.

Ex. I once thought I saw the light at the end of the tunnel, but it was just the light from a torch of some bastard bringing me more work.

----

* ser un cabrón con = be rotten to.

* * *
I
- brona adjetivo (Esp, Méx vulg)

el muy cabrón/la muy cabrona — the bastard o (AmE) son of a bitch (vulg)/the bitch (vulg)
II
- brona masculino, femenino

1) (Esp, Méx vulg) (masculino) bastard (vulg), son of a bitch (AmE vulg); (femenino) bitch (vulg)

2) cabrón masculino

a) (vulg) ( cornudo) cuckold

b) (Andes fam o vulg) ( proxeneta) pimp, ponce (BrE)

* * *

= rotter, dickhead, scumbag, bitchy [bitchier -comp., bitchiest -sup.], badass, swine, pig, bastard.

Ex: When she had finished Beck said reassuringly: 'Don't let old Tilly bother you - She can be a rotter at times - She's a Jekyl and Hyde, if ever there was one - One minute she's fine; another, she's a monster'.

Ex: Whoever said Moby is the leader of dickheads that beat people up? He is just a bald-headed hippie who wouldn't hurt a fly.

Ex: He then made the comment that our soldiers are fighting 'detestable murderers and scumbags'.

Ex: She worked at a local clothing company for a while and found the other staff and managers to all be very cliquey, bitchy and rather shallow.

Ex: In the hardscrabble times of the Bible, where there were plagues, invasions from foreign powers, and swarms of locusts, you pretty much had to be a badass.

Ex: In German law it is a criminal offense for A to insult B, for example, by calling him a swine.

Ex: He was waiting for the opportunity to unleash his fury, no one calls him a pig and gets away with it.

Ex: I once thought I saw the light at the end of the tunnel, but it was just the light from a torch of some bastard bringing me more work.

* ser un cabrón con = be rotten to.

* * *

cabrón¹ - brona

adjective

( Esp vulg: en algunas regiones fam): el muy cabrón the swine ( colloq), the bastard ( vulg), the son of a bitch ( AmE vulg)

cabrón² - brona

masculine, feminine

A ( Esp vulg: en algunas regiones fam) son of a bitch ( AmE vulg), bastard (sl), swine ( colloq)

B

cabrón masculine

1 ( vulg) (cornudo) cuckold

2 ( Andes fam o vulg) (proxeneta) pimp, ponce ( BrE colloq)

C

cabrona feminine (Bol, Chi fam o vulg) (de un prostíbulo) madam

* * *

cabrón 1
◊ - brona adjetivo (Esp, Méx vulg): el muy cabrón/la muy cabrona the bastard o (AmE) son of a bitch (vulg)/the bitch (vulg)

■ sustantivo masculino, femenino (Esp, Méx vulg) (m) bastard (vulg), son of a bitch (AmE vulg);

(f) bitch (vulg)
cabrón 2 sustantivo masculino (vulg) ( cornudo) cuckold;
( proxeneta) (Andes fam o vulg) pimp, ponce (BrE)
cabrón,-ona
I m Zool billy goat
II sustantivo masculino y femenino vulgar ofens (hombre) bastard
(mujer) bitch
' cabrón' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cabrito
- cabrona
English:
cunt
- sod
- swine
- bastard

* * *

cabrón, -ona

♦ adj

1. Vulg [como insulto]
¡qué cabrón eres! you bastard!;

mi profesor de inglés es muy cabrón my English teacher is a real bastard o US asshole

2. Méx muy Fam [difícil] Br bloody o US goddamn difficult;

el examen estuvo bien cabrón the exam was a bitch

♦ nm,f

1. Vulg [insulto] bastard, f bitch, US asshole;
Esp muy Fam
trabajó/estudió como un cabrón he worked/studied his Br arse o US ass off

2. Méx Fam [genio] whizz, ace;

es un cabrón para la física he's a whizz at physics

♦ nm

1. Vulg [cornudo] cuckold [neutro];

es un cabrón his wife's screwing around behind his back

2. [animal] billy-goat

3. Méx muy Fam [tío] guy;

¿adónde irá ese cabrón? where the hell is that guy going?

4. CAm, Méx muy Fam [como apelativo]
hola cabrón, ¿qué tal estás? how are you, you old bastard?

♦ a lo cabrón loc adv
Méx Fam by force;
entraron a la casa a lo cabrón they broke into the house

* * *

cabrón

m vulg

bastard pop, son of a bitch pop

Spanish-English dictionary > cabrón

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the then leader

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the then leader

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